There is the Waldgesetz in Baden-Wuerttemberg, which has a 2m rule: No biking on trail/path/road narrower than 2 m unless specifically signed for other use ( in contrast to the US, bikes have more access than horses: for horses, there is a 3 m rule). Local agencies can make exceptions. There are about 100km of legal single track for MTB in the Schwarzwald, which of course won't get you very far. Many marked long-distance MTB routes (more than 8000km), but not single track. The Tourist agency wants to increase single track access and suggested a compromise rule to quickly build up to 10% single track on long routes (rather than about 2%) and eventually 25% by getting local exception to the law. However, there is opposition to that from other groups, including some mountain bike association (which, unrealistically, want the state law changed). While enforcement of the law is minor, I wouldn't try to plan a long distance single track route. Current state(in German):
http://www.schwarzwald-tourismus.info/presse/Pressemeldungen-nach-Themen/MTB-Radfahren/Touristiker-sind-an-das-Waldgesetz-gebundenLast year, the ministry published a guide for communities who want to develop more single track for mountain bikes:
http://www.schwarzwald-tourismus.info/entdecken/Rad-und-MTB/Mountainbike/Handreichung-fuer-mehr-Single-TrailsAgain, there are lots of long-distance route, so finding a very enjoyable route is easy, but all more TD rather than CTR. One that I know well is further east, not Schwarzwald, but Alb, although I only do the southern part. But even the 50k I ride to connect with it are largely traffic-less forest roads.
http://www.schwaebischealb.de/Aktiv/Mountainbiken-Alb/Bike-X-ing-Schwaebische-Alb Here is the one through the Schwarzwald. Don't know anything about it, but now that you mentioned it, maybe I ride it next month when I'm in Germany again. I suspect that despite the "mountain bike" description, there is going to be good chunk of asphalt. 450 km.
http://www.schwarzwald-tourismus.info/entdecken/Rad-und-MTB/Mountainbike/bike-crossing-schwarzwald/Schwarzwald-Bike-Crossing